Poj huab tais yog dawb, Napoleon tuag, thiab Van Gogh vwm.Dab tsi yog tus nqi uas noob neej them rau xim?

Peb tau xav ntev rau lub ntiaj teb muaj yeeb yuj txij li thaum yau.Txawm tias lo lus "xim" thiab "xim" feem ntau yog siv los piav txog fairyland.
Qhov kev hlub ntawm cov xim no ua rau ntau tus niam txiv suav nrog kev pleev xim rau lawv cov menyuam txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.Txawm hais tias ob peb tug me nyuam yeej nyiam tha xim, ob peb tus me nyuam tuaj yeem tiv taus lub thawv ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj.

noob neej them rau xim1
noob neej them rau xim2

Txiv qaub daj, txiv kab ntxwv daj, ci liab, nyom ntsuab, txiv ntseej ntsuab, ripe xim av, ochre, cobalt xiav, ultramarine ... cov xim zoo nkauj no zoo li tus zaj sawv kov, uas tsis nco qab abducts cov me nyuam tus ntsuj plig.
Cov neeg xav paub yuav pom tau tias cov npe ntawm cov xim no feem ntau yog cov lus piav qhia, xws li nyom ntsuab thiab liab liab.Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam xws li "ochre" uas tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab.
Yog tias koj paub txog keeb kwm ntawm qee cov pigments, koj yuav pom tias muaj ntau cov xim zoo li no rhuav tshem nyob rau hauv tus dej ntev ntawm lub sijhawm.Tom qab txhua xim yog ib zaj dab neeg plua plav.

noob neej them rau xim 3
noob neej them rau xim 4

Tau ntev, tib neeg pigments tsis tuaj yeem piav txog ib txhiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb muaj yeeb yuj.
Txhua zaus cov xim tshiab tshwm sim, cov xim uas nws pom tau muab lub npe tshiab.
Cov pigments ntxov tshaj plaws yog los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso minerals, thiab lawv feem ntau yog los ntawm cov av uas tsim nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam.
Ocher hmoov nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau siab tau ntev tau siv los ua cov xim, thiab cov xim liab liab uas nws pom tau kuj hu ua ocher xim.

Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo pua BC, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tau paub txog lub peev xwm los ua xim xim.Lawv paub siv tej yam ntuj tso xws li malachite, turquoise thiab cinnabar, zom lawv thiab ntxuav lawv nrog dej los txhim kho cov purity ntawm cov xim.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub kuj muaj cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj pleev xim zoo heev.Qhov no tau ua rau tim lyiv teb chaws thaum ub los kos duab ntau xim thiab ci ntsa iab.

noob neej them rau xim 5
noob neej them rau xim 6

Tau ntau txhiab xyoo, kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg pigments tau tsav los ntawm kev muaj hmoo nrhiav pom.Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txoj hmoov zoo no, tib neeg tau ua ntau yam kev sim coj txawv txawv thiab tsim ib pawg ntawm cov xim zoo nkauj thiab cov xim zoo nkauj.
Kwv yees li 48 BC, Caesar tus yawm yij pom ib hom dab ntshav hauv tebchaws Iziv, thiab nws txaus siab yuav luag tam sim ntawd.Nws coj cov xim no, hu ua pob txha qwj ntshav, rov qab mus rau Rome thiab ua rau nws tsuas yog xim ntawm Roman tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe.

Txij thaum ntawd los, ntshav liab tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev nom kev tswv.Yog li ntawd, cov tiam tom ntej siv lo lus "yug los ntshav" los piav txog lawv tsev neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los.Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov pob txha snail ntshav zas xim tuaj yeem hu ua haujlwm zoo.
Soak cov pob txha rotten qwj thiab ntoo tshauv nyob rau hauv ib lub thoob uas muaj cov zis rotten.Tom qab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm sawv, lub viscous secretion ntawm gill gland ntawm cov pob txha qwj yuav hloov thiab tsim ib yam khoom hu ua ammonium purpurite hnub no, uas qhia ib tug xiav ntshav.

noob neej them rau xim 7

Cov qauv qauv ntawm ammonium purpurite

Cov zis ntawm txoj kev no tsawg heev.Nws tuaj yeem tsim tsawg dua 15 ml ntawm cov xim rau ib 250000 pob txha qwj, tsuas yog txaus los zas lub tsho Roman.

Tsis tas li ntawd, vim tias cov txheej txheem ntau lawm stinks, cov xim no tsuas yog tsim tawm sab nraum nroog.Txawm tias cov khaub ncaws npaj ua tiav kawg muab tawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshwj xeeb txhua xyoo puag ncig, tej zaum nws yog "Royal tsw".

Tsis muaj ntau xim zoo li pob txha snail ntshav.Nyob rau hauv lub era thaum mummy hmoov yog thawj zaug nto moo raws li ib tug tshuaj thiab tom qab ntawd tau nrov raws li ib tug pigment, lwm cov xim uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov zis yog invented.
Nws yog ib hom zoo nkauj thiab pob tshab daj, uas tau raug cua thiab hnub ntev ntev.Nws yog hu ua Indian daj.

noob neej them rau xim 8

Pob txha snail rau zus tau tej cov muaj koob muaj npe ntshav liab tshwj xeeb dyeing

noob neej them rau xim 910

Raw khoom rau Indian daj

Raws li nws lub npe implies, nws yog ib tug mysterious pigment los ntawm Is Nrias teb, uas yog hais tias yuav muab rho tawm los ntawm nyuj tso zis.
Cov nyuj no tsuas yog noj txiv nkhaus taw thiab dej xwb, ua rau muaj kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, thiab cov zis muaj cov tshuaj daj tshwj xeeb.

Turner raug thuam vim raug kev tshoov siab los ntawm jaundice vim nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam siv Indian daj

noob neej them rau xim 10
noob neej them rau xim11

Cov pigments coj txawv txawv thiab dyes dominated lub ntiaj teb kos duab rau lub sijhawm ntev.Lawv tsis tsuas yog ua phem rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, tab sis kuj muaj cov khoom qis thiab cov nqi siab.Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, cov pab pawg neeg cyan yog ua los ntawm lapis lazuli hmoov, thiab nws cov nqi yog tsib lub sij hawm siab tshaj kub ntawm tib yam zoo.

Nrog rau kev txhim kho tawg ntawm tib neeg kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, pigments kuj xav tau kev hloov pauv loj.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev hloov pauv loj no tau ua rau tuag taus.
Lead dawb yog xim tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb uas tuaj yeem tawm lub cim ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab thaj chaw.Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua plaub BC, cov Greeks thaum ub tau paub txog txoj kev ua cov hmoov lead dawb.

noob neej them rau xim12

Lead Dawb

noob neej them rau xim13

Feem ntau, ntau cov hlau lead yog muab tso rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis cov quav tsiaj thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw kaw rau ob peb lub hlis.Qhov kawg ntawm cov hlau lead carbonate yog lead dawb.
Cov khoom siv lead ua dawb nthuav qhia tag nrho cov xim opaque thiab tuab, uas yog suav tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws pigments.

Txawm li cas los xij, txhuas dawb tsis yog tsuas yog ci ntsa iab hauv cov duab kos.Cov poj niam Roman, Japanese geisha thiab Suav poj niam txhua tus siv cov hmoov lead dawb los pleev lawv lub ntsej muag.Thaum npog lub ntsej muag tsis xws luag, lawv kuj tau txais cov tawv nqaij dub, cov hniav lwj thiab haus luam yeeb.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav ua rau vasospasm, raum puas, mob taub hau, ntuav, raws plab, coma thiab lwm yam tsos mob.

Keeb kwm, tus poj huab tais tawv tawv tsaus ntuj Elizabeth raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov hmoov lead lom

noob neej them rau xim14
noob neej them rau xim16

Cov tsos mob zoo sib xws kuj tshwm sim rau cov neeg pleev kob.Cov neeg feem ntau hais txog qhov mob tsis paub meej ntawm cov neeg pleev kob ua "painter colic".Tab sis ntau pua xyoo dhau los, thiab tib neeg tsis tau paub tias cov xwm txheej txawv txawv no tau los ntawm lawv cov xim nyiam.

Cov hlau lead dawb ntawm tus poj niam lub ntsej muag tsis tuaj yeem tsim nyog dua

Lead dawb kuj muab tau ntau xim nyob rau hauv no pigment kiv puag ncig.

Van Gogh nyiam chrome daj yog lwm cov khoom siv lead ua, lead chromate.Cov xim daj no ci dua li nws qhov qias neeg Indian daj, tab sis nws yog pheej yig dua.

noob neej them rau xim17
noob neej them rau xim18

Duab ntawm Van Gogh

Zoo li cov hmoov txhuas dawb, cov hmoov txhuas uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws yooj yim nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev thiab disguises li calcium, ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob xws li paj hlwb.
Yog vim li cas Van Gogh, uas nyiam chrome daj thiab tuab txheej, tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws rau lub sij hawm ntev yog tej zaum yog vim "kev koom tes" ntawm chrome daj.

Lwm cov khoom ntawm cov xim hloov pauv tsis yog li "tsis paub" ua cov hlau lead dawb chrome daj.Nws tuaj yeem pib nrog Napoleon.Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Waterloo, Napoleon tshaj tawm nws abdication, thiab cov British exile nws mus rau St. Helena.Tom qab siv tsawg tshaj li rau xyoo nyob rau hauv cov kob, Napoleon tuag txawv txawv, thiab cov laj thawj rau nws txoj kev tuag muaj ntau haiv neeg.

noob neej them rau xim19
noob neej them rau xim 30

Raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev tuag ntawm cov neeg Askiv, Napoleon tuag ntawm lub plab mob hnyav, tab sis qee qhov kev tshawb fawb pom tias Napoleon cov plaub hau muaj ntau cov arsenic.
Cov ntsiab lus arsenic kuaj pom hauv ntau cov qauv plaub hau ntawm xyoo sib txawv yog 10 mus rau 100 npaug ntawm tus nqi ib txwm.Yog li ntawd, qee cov neeg ntseeg tias Napoleon raug tshuaj lom thiab ua rau tuag.
Tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog xav tsis thoob.Cov arsenic ntau dhau nyob rau hauv Napoleon lub cev ua tau los ntawm cov xim ntsuab rau ntawm phab ntsa.

Ntau tshaj 200 xyoo dhau los, tus kws tshawb fawb Swedish nto moo Scheler tau tsim cov xim ntsuab ntsuab.Cov xim ntsuab ntawd yuav tsis hnov ​​qab ib pliag.Nws yog deb ntawm kev sib tw los ntawm cov xim ntsuab uas ua los ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim.Qhov no "Scheler ntsuab" ua rau muaj kev xav thaum nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua lag luam vim nws tus nqi qis.Nws tsis tsuas yog kov yeej ntau lwm cov xim ntsuab, tab sis kuj tau kov yeej lub khw muag khoom noj ntawm ib qho mob stroke.

noob neej them rau xim29
noob neej them rau xim28

Nws tau hais tias qee tus neeg siv Scheler ntsuab los zas cov zaub mov ntawm lub rooj noj mov, uas ncaj qha ua rau peb cov qhua tuag.Shiller ntsuab yog dav siv los ntawm cov tub lag luam hauv xab npum, ncuav mog qab zib kho kom zoo nkauj, khoom ua si, khoom qab zib thiab khaub ncaws, thiab ntawm chav kawm, kho kom zoo nkauj wallpaper.Rau ib lub sij hawm, txhua yam ntawm kev kos duab mus rau txhua hnub yuav tsum tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lush ntsuab, suav nrog Napoleon chav pw thiab chav dej.

Daim duab no tau hais tias tau coj los ntawm Napoleon lub chav pw

Cov khoom ntawm Scheler ntsuab yog tooj liab arsenite, nyob rau hauv uas trivalent arsenic yog heev lom.Napoleon txoj kev raug ntiab tawm tau muaj huab cua ntub thiab siv Scheler ntsuab wallpaper, uas tso tawm ntau cov arsenic.Nws yog hais tias yuav tsis muaj bedbugs nyob rau hauv chav ntsuab, tej zaum yog vim li no.Coincidentally, Scheler ntsuab thiab tom qab Paris ntsuab, uas kuj muaj arsenic, nws thiaj li los ua tshuaj tua kab.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov arsenic uas muaj cov tshuaj dyes tom qab ntawd tau siv los kho tus mob syphilis, uas rau qee qhov kev tshoov siab rau kev kho mob.

noob neej them rau xim27

Paul Ellis, leej txiv ntawm kws khomob

noob neej them rau xim26

Cupreouranite

Tom qab txiav npluav ntawm Scheler ntsuab, muaj lwm qhov txaus ntshai ntsuab hauv vogue.Thaum nws los txog rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ntsuab no, cov neeg niaj hnub tam sim no tuaj yeem koom nrog cov foob pob nuclear thiab hluav taws xob, vim nws yog uranium.Ntau tus neeg tsis xav tias lub ntuj tsim ntawm uranium ore tuaj yeem hais tau zoo nkauj, hu ua Rose ntawm lub ntiaj teb ore.

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws uranium tsuas yog ntxiv rau iav ua lub toner.Cov iav ua li no muaj lub teeb ntsuab tsaus thiab zoo nkauj heev.

Uranium iav flashing ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub teeb ultraviolet

noob neej them rau xim25
noob neej them rau xim24

Txiv kab ntxwv daj uranium oxide hmoov

Cov oxide ntawm uranium yog ci txiv kab ntxwv liab, uas tseem ntxiv rau cov khoom siv ceramic ua lub toner.Ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, cov khoom "tag nrho ntawm lub zog" uranium tseem nyob txhua qhov chaw.Nws tsis yog txog thaum qhov nce ntawm kev lag luam nuclear uas Tebchaws Meskas tau pib txwv tsis pub pej xeem siv uranium.Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1958, Tebchaws Meskas Atomic Energy Commission tau txo cov kev txwv, thiab depleted uranium rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ceramic factories thiab iav factories.

Los ntawm xwm mus rau extraction, los ntawm ntau lawm mus rau synthesis, kev loj hlob keeb kwm ntawm pigments kuj yog kev loj hlob keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg chemical kev lag luam.Txhua yam zoo kawg nkaus hauv keeb kwm no tau sau rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov xim.

noob neej them rau xim23

Pob txha qwj ntshav, Indian daj, Lead dawb, Chrome daj, Scheler ntsuab, Uranium ntsuab, Uranium txiv kab ntxwv.
Txhua tus yog cov hneev taw sab laug ntawm txoj kev ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej.Ib txhia yeej nyob ruaj khov, tiam sis ib txhia tsis tob.Tsuas yog los ntawm kev nco qab cov kev taw qhia no peb tuaj yeem pom txoj kev ncaj ncaj.


Post lub sij hawm: Oct-31-2021